Diagnóstico de indicadores clave de superación docente para virtualización universitaria en Cuba
Diagnosis of key indicators of teacher development for university virtualization in CubaContenido principal del artículo
Contexto: La educación a distancia mediada por tecnología exige docentes con habilidades digitales y pedagógicas integradas para diseñar experiencias formativas virtuales de calidad. Objetivo: diagnosticar los indicadores de superación docente para la virtualización del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad de Camagüey en Cuba. Metodología: enfoque metodológico mixto con predominio cualitativo, descriptivo-explicativo, correlacional, no experimental. La muestra estuvo conformada por 21 docentes y 7 directivos, a los que se les aplicaron un cuestionario, una entrevista semiestructurada, una guía de observación a clases y una guía de revisión documental. Resultados: el estudio evidencia una brecha estructural entre el conocimiento digital declarado por los docentes, 61,9% nivel medio, y su aplicación efectiva en el aula, solo 33,4% logra transferirlo. El diseño de recursos digitales concentra la mayor debilidad, 71,5% en nivel bajo, las prácticas docentes permanecen unidireccionales, 69,4% nunca emplean métodos interactivos, y la reflexión crítica es aislada, solo 12,3% reflexiona sistemáticamente. La correlación negativa entre experiencia profesional y competencias digitales (ρ = -0,310) demuestra que los docentes con menor antigüedad poseen mayores habilidades tecnológicas. Conclusión: los modelos formativos centrados en alfabetización instrumental resultan insuficientes. Se recomienda desplazar el énfasis hacia el diseño práctico de recursos digitales, institucionalizar espacios de reflexión crítica colegiada, diferenciar rutas formativas según perfiles etarios y establecer sistemas de monitoreo de la transferencia a las prácticas de aula.
Background: Technology-mediated distance education requires faculty members to possess integrated digital and pedagogical competencies to design high-quality virtual learning experiences. Objective: This study aims to diagnose professional development indicators for the virtualization of the teaching-learning process within the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the University of Camagüey, Cuba. Methodology: A mixed-methods approach was adopted, predominantly qualitative, utilizing a descriptive-explanatory, correlational, and non-experimental design. The sample consisted of 21 faculty members and 7 academic managers. Data collection instruments included a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, a classroom observation guide, and a documentary review protocol. Results: The findings reveal a structural gap between teachers' self-reported digital knowledge (61.9% at a medium level) and its effective classroom application (only 33.4% successful transfer). The design of digital resources constitutes the most significant weakness (71.5% at a low level). Furthermore, instructional practices remain largely unidirectional, with 69.4% of participants never employing interactive methods, while systematic critical reflection is rare (only 12.3%). A negative correlation between professional seniority and digital competence (ρ=−0.310) indicates that faculty members with less experience possess higher technological proficiency. Conclusion: Training models centered exclusively on instrumental literacy are insufficient. It is recommended to shift the focus toward the practical design of digital resources, institutionalize spaces for collaborative critical reflection, differentiate training pathways based on age and seniority profiles, and establish robust monitoring systems to evaluate the transfer of skills into classroom practice.
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