Relación entre esperanza y felicidad en docentes peruanos de educación básica
Relationship between hope and happiness in Peruvian basic education teachersContenido principal del artículo
Contexto: La esperanza y la felicidad son constructos fundamentales de la psicología positiva que impactan el bienestar y el desempeño profesional docente. Sin embargo, su estudio conjunto en el ámbito educativo ha sido limitado, predominando investigaciones en contextos clínicos o religiosos. En Perú, la sobrecarga laboral, la precariedad salarial y los efectos residuales de la pandemia han deteriorado la salud mental del magisterio, haciendo urgente el análisis de recursos psicológicos protectores. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre esperanza y felicidad en docentes peruanos de Educación Básica Regular. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, de diseño no experimental, transversal y correlacional. La muestra fue no probabilística por conveniencia, conformada por 300 docentes de instituciones educativas de Lima, Perú. Se aplicaron la Escala de Esperanza de Herth (12 ítems) y la Escala de Felicidad de Alarcón (27 ítems). El análisis incluyó estadística descriptiva, prueba de normalidad Kolmogorov-Smirnov y correlación Rho de Spearman mediante SPSS v.25. Resultados: Se encontró una correlación positiva moderada y estadísticamente significativa entre esperanza y felicidad (ρ = .334; p < .001). Asimismo, la esperanza se asoció positivamente con satisfacción con la vida (ρ = .543), realización personal (ρ = .516) y alegría por vivir (ρ = .638), aunque inversamente con sentido positivo de la vida (ρ = −.361). No se hallaron diferencias significativas según sexo. Conclusión: La esperanza constituye un predictor relevante del bienestar subjetivo docente. Se recomienda implementar programas institucionales de fortalecimiento psicológico orientados a cultivar la esperanza como estrategia para mejorar la calidad de vida y el desempeño pedagógico.
Background: Hope and happiness are fundamental constructs of positive psychology that influence teacher well-being and professional performance. However, their joint study in educational settings has been limited, with research predominantly conducted in clinical or religious contexts. In Peru, work overload, inadequate salaries, and the residual effects of the pandemic have deteriorated teachers' mental health, making the analysis of protective psychological resources urgent. Objective: To determine the relationship between hope and happiness among Peruvian Regular Basic Education teachers. Method: A quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted. A non-probabilistic convenience sample of 300 teachers from educational institutions in Lima, Peru, was selected. The Herth Hope Scale (12 items) and the Alarcón Happiness Scale (27 items) were administered. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, and Spearman's Rho correlation using SPSS v.25. Results: A moderate, statistically significant positive correlation was found between hope and happiness (ρ = .334; p < .001). Additionally, hope was positively associated with life satisfaction (ρ = .543), personal fulfillment (ρ = .516), and joy for living (ρ = .638), although inversely with positive meaning in life (ρ = −.361). No significant differences by sex were found. Conclusion: Hope constitutes a relevant predictor of teacher subjective well-being. It is recommended to implement institutional psychological strengthening programs aimed at cultivating hope as a strategy to improve quality of life and pedagogical performance.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Alarcón, R. (2006). Desarrollo de una escala factorial para medir la felicidad. Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 40(1), 99-106. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/284/28440110.pdf
Arslan, Y., and Polat, S. (2021). Do diversity perspectives affect happiness at work? A study of teachers in Turkey. International journal of educational management, 35(3), 621-639. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-06-2020-0288
Ato, M., López-García, J. J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038–1059. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
Bardach, L., Klassen, R. M., and Perry, N. E. (2022). Teachers’ psychological characteristics: Do they matter for teacher effectiveness, teachers’ well-being, retention, and interpersonal relations? An integrative review. Educational psychology review, 34(1), 259-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09614-9
Benevene, P., De Stasio, S., Fiorilli, C., Buonomo, I., Ragni, B., Briegas, J. J. M., and Barni, D. (2019). Effect of teachers’ happiness on teachers’ health. The mediating role of happiness at work. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2449. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02449
Castilla, H., Urrutia, M. C., Shimabukuro, M., y Caycho, T. (2014). Análisis psicométrico del Índice de Esperanza de Herth en una muestra no clínica peruana. Psicología desde el Caribe, 31(2), 187-206. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/213/21331836003.pdf
Castillo Heredia, A. C., & Chomba Diestra, M. de los Á. (2019). Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de felicidad de Lima en docentes de las instituciones educativas estatales de Nuevo Chimbote – 2019 [Tesis de licenciatura, Universidad César Vallejo]. Repositorio Institucional UCV. https://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/3214631
Daoud, N., and Parsons, S. A. (2021). Visioning and hope: A longitudinal study of two teachers from preservice to inservice. Peabody Journal of Education, 96(4), 393-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2021.1965412
De Stasio, S., Fiorilli, C., Benevene, P., Boldrini, F., Ragni, B., Pepe, A., and Maldonado Briegas, J. J. (2019). Subjective happiness and compassion are enough to increase teachers’ work engagement?. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2268. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02268
Dufault, K., and Martocchio, B. C. (1985). Symposium on compassionate care and the dying experience. Hope: Its spheres and dimensions. The Nursing Clinics of North America, 20(2), 379–391. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3846980/
Froiland, J. M., Worrell, F. C., and Oh, H. (2019). Teacher–student relationships, psychological need satisfaction, and happiness among diverse students. Psychology in the Schools, 56(5), 856–870. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22245
Hascher, T., and Waber, J. (2021). Teacher well-being: Profiles, predictors, and outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 113(2), 358–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100411
Herth, K. (1992). Abbreviated instrument to measure hope: Development and psychometric evaluation. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17(10), 1251–1259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01843.x
Hernández-Sampieri, R., & Mendoza Torres, C. P. (2018). Metodología de la investigación: Las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta. McGraw-Hill Education. https://repositorio.uasb.edu.bo/items/70dca925-d1b4-49f0-ae97-26eb71787891
Johnson, E., Sanfilippo, M., Ohlson, M., and Swanson, A. (2019). Bridging the optimism gap: How bringing hope and happiness into schools leads to positive changes. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 55(4), 184–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/00228958.2019.1659075
King, R. B., and Datu, J. A. (2017). Happy classes make happy students: Classmates' well-being predicts individual student well-being. Journal of school psychology, 65, 116-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2017.07.004
King, R. B., Pitliya, R. J., and Datu, J. A. D. (2020). Psychological capital drives optimal engagement via positive emotions in work and school contexts. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 23(4), 457–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12421
Kun, A., and Gadanecz, P. (2019). Workplace happiness, well-being and their relationship with psychological capital: A study of Hungarian teachers. Current Psychology, 40(1), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00550-0
Kurrle, L. M., and Warwas, J. (2025). Teacher well-being—A conceptual systematic review (2020–2023). Education Sciences, 15(6), 766. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15060766
Langer, E. (2021). Agotamientos y esperanzas en el hacer docencia en contextos de pobreza urbana de sociedades del rendimiento. Revista de Educación, (22), 25-42. https://fh.mdp.edu.ar/revistas/index.php/r_educ/article/view/4794/4992
Malandrino, A., and Sager, F. (2021). Can teachers' discretion enhance the role of professionalism in times of crisis? A comparative policy analysis of distance teaching in Italy and Switzerland during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 23(4), 409–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2020.1844544
Manzano-Sánchez, D., Conte-Marín, L., Gómez-López, M., and Valero-Valenzuela, A. (2020). Applying the personal and social responsibility model as a school-wide project in all participants: Teachers’ views. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 579. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00579
Mesurado, B., y Laudadío, J. (2019). Experiencia profesional, capital psicológico y engagement. Su relación con el burnout en docentes universitarios. Propósitos y Representaciones, 7(3), 12–31. https://doi.org/10.20511/pyr2019.v7n3.327
Mikus, K., and Teoh, K. R. H. (2021). Psychological capital, future-oriented coping, and the well-being of secondary school teachers in Germany. Educational Psychology, 42(8), 1030–1049. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2021.1954601
Moskowitz, S., and Dewaele, J. M. (2021). Is teacher happiness contagious? A study of the link between perceptions of language teacher happiness and student attitudes. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 15(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2019.1707205
Nie, Q., Teng, Z., Bear, G. G., Guo, C., Liu, Y., and Zhang, D. (2019). Hope as mediator between teacher–student relationships and life satisfaction among Chinese adolescents: A between- and within-person effects analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(7), 2367–2383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0052-6
Succan, S. (2019). The relationship between hope and perceived stress in teacher candidates. International Journal of Higher Education, 8(2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v8n2p1