Main Article Content

Carlos Enrique Coacalla Castillo
Rafael Urrutia Huaman
Lisbeth Maruja Peña Navio
Amalia Torres Chipana
Hadid Rios Casa
Family violence is one of the most persistent and devastating threats to child development, with Latin America and the Caribbean being a particularly affected region. This research aimed to determine the influence of family violence on the social skills of 5-year-old children. The methodology was quantitative, with a cross-sectional, causal-correlational design. The probabilistic sample included 138 children and their mothers. Two validated Likert scales were used to measure family violence (maternal report) and social skills (child observation). Data analysis, using ordinal logistic regression, concluded that family violence has an inverse and significant influence on social skills. It was found that a low level of family violence predicts, by 50.9%, that children will achieve high levels of social skills. These findings underscore the need to implement early interventions to mitigate the impact of violence on child development and promote safe family environments that foster social competence. It is concluded that family violence has a significant and inverse influence on the development of social skills in 5-year-old children in educational institutions in the Apurimac district.

La violencia familiar constituye una de las amenazas más persistentes y devastadoras para el desarrollo infantil, siendo América Latina y el Caribe una región especialmente afectada. La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la influencia de la violencia familiar en las habilidades sociales de niños de 5 años. La metodología fue de tipo cuantitativa, con un diseño correlacional causal y transversal. La muestra probabilística incluyó a 138 niños y sus madres. Se utilizaron dos escalas Likert validadas para medir la violencia familiar (reporte materno) y las habilidades sociales (observación infantil). El análisis de datos, mediante regresión logística ordinal, concluyó que la violencia familiar influye inversa y significativamente en las habilidades sociales. Se encontró que un nivel bajo de violencia familiar predice en un 50.9% que los niños alcancen un desarrollo alto en sus habilidades sociales. Estos hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de implementar intervenciones tempranas para mitigar el impacto de la violencia en el desarrollo infantil y promover entornos familiares seguros que favorezcan la competencia social. Se concluye que la violencia familiar influye de manera inversa y significativa en el desarrollo de las habilidades sociales en niños de 5 años de las instituciones educativas del distrito de Apurimac.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Coacalla Castillo , C. E. ., Urrutia Huaman , R. ., Peña Navio , L. M. ., Torres Chipana , A. ., & Rios Casa, H. . (2026). Domestic violence and its impact on social skills in children from educational institutions in a district of Apurimac. Horizontes, 10(41), 302–322. https://doi.org/10.33996/revistahorizontes.v10i41.1210
Section
Research Articles
Bookmark and Share
Referencias

Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall. https://books.google.com/books?id=eJ-PN9g_o-EC

Bazo-Álvarez, J. C., Copez-Lonzoy, A., Ipanaqué-Zapata, M., Bazalar-Palacios, J., López Rivera, E., y Flores-Ramos, E. C. (2024). *Witnessing inter-parental violence in childhood and help-seeking behaviours in violence against women in Peru*. BMC Public Health, 24, Article 1022. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18467-0

Bott, S., Ruiz-Celis, A., Adams, J., y Guedes, A. (2022). Co-occurring violent discipline of children and intimate partner violence in Latin America and the Caribbean. BMJ Global Health, 6(12), e007063. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007063

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Basic Books. https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/john-bowlby/attachment-and-loss/9780465095466/

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674224575

Champagne, F. A., Courtney, K., Bellatin, A., Miller, M., & Spatz Widom, C. (2025). Association between childhood maltreatment, stressful life events and hair cortisol concentration in late midlife: A prospective investigation. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 180, 107561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107561

Cicchetti, D., y Toth, S. L. (2005). Child maltreatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 409-438. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144029

De Casanova, M. (2022). Violencia familiar en Latinoamérica durante la pandemia por COVID-19 del año 2020 al 2022 [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia]. Repositorio Institucional UPCH. https://repositorio.upch.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.12866/15638/Violencia_DeCasanovaFernandez_Micaella.pdf

Defensoría del Pueblo. (2025). Se registran más de 46,000 denuncias de violencia contra niñas, niños y adolescentes. https://www.defensoria.gob.pe/defensoria-del-pueblo-se-registran-mas-de-46-000-denuncias-de-violencia-contra-ninas-ninos-y-adolescentes/

Doswell, A., Kazmir, S., Segal, R., y Tiyyagura, G. (2025). Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Children. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 72(3), 509–523. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12224229/

Egypt Journal of Forensic Sciences. (2023). Psychological complications of the children exposed to domestic violence: A systematic review. Egypt J Forensic Sci, 13(23). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10213576/

Ferguson, C. (2024). Theoretical Analysis of the Cycle of Intimate Partner Violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380241301781

Flor, L. S., Stein, C., Gil, G. F., Khalil, M., Herbert, M., Aravkin, A. Y., Arrieta, A., Baeza de Robba, M. J., Bustreo, F., Cagney, J., Calderon-Anyosa, R. J. C., Carr, S., Chandan, J. K., Chandan, J. S., Coll, C. V. N., de Andrade, F. M., de Andrade, G. N., Debure, A. N., DeGraw, E., Hammond, B., Hay, S. I., Knaul, F. M., Lim, R. Q. H., McLaughlin, S. A., Metheny, N., Minhas, S., Mohr, J. K., Mullany, E. C., Murray, C. J. L., O’Connell, E. M., Patwardhan, V., Reinach, S., Scott, D., Spencer, C. N., Sorensen, R. J. D., Stöckl, H., Twalibu, A., Valikhanova, A., Vasconcelos, N., Zheng, P., y Gakidou, E. (2025). Health effects associated with exposure of children to physical violence, psychological violence and neglect: a Burden of Proof study. Nature Human Behaviour, 9, 1217–1236. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02143-3

Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia UNICEF. (2022). 2 de cada 3 niños, niñas y adolescentes de América Latina y el Caribe sufren violencia en el hogar. https://www.unicef.org/lac/comunicados-prensa/2-de-cada-3-ninos-ninas-y-adolescentes-de-america-latina-y-el-caribe-sufren-violencia-en-el-hogar

Grauduszus, Y., Sicorello, M., Demirakca, T., von Schröder, C., Schmahl, C., y Ende, G. (2024). New insights into the effects of type and timing of childhood maltreatment on brain morphometry. Scientific Reports, 14, 11394. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62051-w

Gresham, F. M. (1986). Conceptual and definitional issues in the assessment of social skills. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 15(3), 222-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.1986.9710918

Informe sobre la situación de la niñez y adolescencia en el Perú. INABIF. (2020). Informe sobre la situación de la niñez y adolescencia en el Perú. Instituto Nacional de Bienestar Familiar.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI). (2022). Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar - ENDES 2022. https://m.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-356-de-mujeres-de-entre-15-y-49-anos-ha-sido-victima-de-violencia-familiar-en-los-ultimos-12-meses-14657/

Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI). (2024). Perú: Estadísticas de violencia en la niñez y adolescencia, 2024. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/inei/informes-publicaciones/7037967-peru-estadisticas-de-violencia-en-la-ninez-y-adolescencia-2024

Joseph J, Luo Z, Epstein RA, Gracey K, Kuhn TM, Cull MJ, Raman R. Analysis of longitudinal patterns of child maltreatment reports in the United States. Child Abuse Negl. 2025 Feb;160:107223. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107223. Epub 2024 Dec 24. PMID: 39721223.

Journal of Adolescent Health. (2025). Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Recalibration During Puberty. Journal of Adolescent Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.02.010

Jiang, S., Jin, C., Du, R., y Liang, Z. (2025). Childhood adversity and intimate partner violence: A 20-year longitudinal study of cumulative, typological, and sex effects. Child Abuse & Neglect, 169, 107695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107695

Kofi, N., Russel, K., Opoku-Ware, J., Yaya, S., Chen, Y., Bennett, D., McGovern, R., Munford, L., Black, M., Taylor-Robinson, D. (2025). Impact of family childhood adversity on risk of violence and involvement with police in adolescence: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. https://jech.bmj.com/content/79/6/459

Li, N., Qianqian G., Mingjun X. y Yip, T. (2025). Asociación de Adversidad Infantil con Actividad del Eje HPA en niños. Association of childhood adversity with HPA axis activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2025). Biobehavioral Reviews 172(3):106124. DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106124

Ma, J., Grogan-Kaylor, A., y Delva, J. (2016). Behavior Problems Among Adolescents Exposed to Family and Community Violence in Chile. Family Relations, 65(5), 764-777. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5066808/

Peverill, M., Rosen, M. L., Lurie, L. A., Sambrook, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., y McLaughlin, K. A. (2023). Childhood trauma and brain structure in children and adolescents. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 59, 101180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101180

Schär, M., Mürner-Lavanchy, I., Schmidt, S., Koenig, J., y Kaess, M. (2022). Child maltreatment and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35202606/

Stefan, A. (2020). Repercusión del apego en el desarrollo de habilidades sociales en infantes [Trabajo de fin de grado, Universidad de Almería]. Repositorio de la Universidad de Almería. https://repositorio.ual.es/bitstream/handle/10835/9728/STEFAN%20%2C%20ANDREI.pdf

Teicher, M. H., et al. (2022). Childhood Trauma, the HPA Axis and Psychiatric Illnesses. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 748372. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.748372

Universidad Técnica del Norte Ecuador. (2024). El apego parental y su incidencia en el desarrollo de habilidades sociales en educandos de Educación Inicial (4-5 años). Dialnet. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/10082317.pdf

van Loon-Dikkers, A. L. C., Tierolf, B., Schuengel, C., & Steketee, M. J. (2025). Linking family violence and children’s trauma symptoms through attachment and emotional insecurity. Acta Psychologica, 256, 104967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104967

Vilches, F., Mazeyra, A., Quintanilla, A., y Ramos, L. (2025). Intergenerational Transmission of Domestic Violence in Peruvian Families: A Qualitative Study. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070399